Description:

This course will trace the development of the built environment from Antiquity to the Middle Ages and explore pre-Columbian and Islamic architecture. Emphasis will be placed on how materials, technological advances and natural environment influence architecture. The shaping of architecture through cultural forces will be stressed. Fundamental design principles and analyses of the built form will also be covered. 3 hrs. lecture/wk.

Associated Costs: These are additional (out-of-pocket) expense considerations that students should expect in addition to the course tuition, fees, and textbooks. $25 to $100.

Supplies: Refer to the instructor's course syllabus for details about any supplies that may be required.

Prerequisites: NONE

Textbook(s): For information see - http://bookstore.jccc.net

Course Fees: NONE

Course Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this course the student should be able to:

1. Demonstrate knowledge of the evolution of architectural forms from prehistoric origins to the Middle Ages.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of Pre-Columbian society and its architecture.
3. Explain the relationship between Byzantine and Islamic architecture.
4. Differentiate the design elements of each period.
5. Identify specific buildings and evaluate their importance to architectural history.
6. Discuss how cultural forces shape architecture.
7. Recognize and describe how the natural environment dictates the usage of materials and the types of architectural forms for any one given area.
8. Identify technological advances in construction methods.
9. Define and demonstrate use of architectural terminology.
10. Analyze buildings using fundamental design principles.
11. Demonstrate a working knowledge of how past architectural forms influence present design.

Content Outline & Competencies:

I. Introduction to the History of Architecture
   A. Relate the application of history to design theory. 
   B. Discuss the meaning of culture and its value to design. 
   C. Identify the origins of architecture in the prehistoric world.

II. The Architecture of Ancient Egypt
   A. The natural environment and the civilization of Egypt.             

      1. Differentiate between time periods – Old Kingdom, Middle
Kingdom and New Kingdom.              
      2. Discuss lower and upper Egypt.
      3. Discuss the geographic isolation, climate and culture of ancient
Egypt.
   B. The importance of religion in Egyptian society and its relevance to
tomb architecture. 
      1. Identify the mastaba and the stepped pyramid.
      2. Discuss the Isis and Osiris myth and ka.
   C. The Pyramids.
      1. Describe Giza, the City of the Dead.
      2. Compare and contrast the Pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and
Mycerinus. 
      3. Discuss the Great Sphinx and other symbolic architecture.
      4. Identify hieroglyphic symbols and fetishes and their association
with Egyptian architecture.
   D. New Kingdom burials.
      1. Describe the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens.
      2. Discuss the mortuary temple as the beginning of architectural
aesthetics.
      3. Discuss the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut and analyze its various
elements.          
      4. Discuss the role of the social and religious thought changes and
their implication to the New Kingdom Temple.
   E. The Kingdom of Amon-Re.
      1. Discuss the architectural elements and symbolism.
      2. Describe the composition of light in spatial relationships.
      3. Investigate the human response to architecture.
      4. Differentiate between the Temple of Luxor and the Temple at
Karnak.
   F. Discuss the construction feat at Abu Simbel.

III. Pre-Columbian Architecture
   A. The Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
      1. Describe the Mayan pyramid and its function.
      2. Discuss the ball court and the religious importance of the
“game.” 
      3. List the characteristics of early Mayan architecture.
      4. Discuss the similarities of Mayan architecture to Egyptian or
classical Greek architecture.
      5. Discuss Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital.
   B. Peruvian civilization and architecture.
      1. Discuss the organization of the Incas cities.
      2. Describe Machu Picchu in terms of interaction between man and
environment.

IV. Greek Architecture
   A. Early life and culture on the island of Crete.
      1. Describe Minoan civilization and architecture.
      2. Discuss the Palace of Knossos and evaluate its historical
importance in frescoes and decorative art.
   B. Describe the development of mainland Greece and the rise of
Mycenaean civilization.
   C. Introduction to Classicism.
      1. Discuss the architectural systems.
      2. Discuss and identify the Classical Orders.
   D. The development of the Doric temple.
      1. Discuss the concept of the temple.
      2. Identify important examples of Doric temples.
   E. The “Golden Age of Greece.”
      1. Discuss the history and social functions of the Acropolis.
      2. Identify and discuss the architecture of the Acropolis.
      3. Analyze the Parthenon and describe Greek refinements.
      4. Discuss the beginnings of architectural theory.
   F. Religious and political life in ancient Greece.
      1. Evaluate the relationship between religion and politics in
ancient Greece.
      2. Describe the agora.
      3. Describe the stoa.
   G. Describe town planning and urban design in Greek cities in Asia
Minor.
   H. The evolution of the Greek idea of sanctuary and the grouping of
sacred buildings and shrines.
      1. Describe the city of Delphi and identify its architecture.
      2. Discuss the architecture of open-air athletic events – the
stadium and hippodrome.
   I. Describe housing and living standards in ancient Greek cities.
   J. The Greek theater and its origins.
      1. Identify the parts of the Greek theater.
      2. Discuss how the theater related to Greek life.
   K. Relate platonic thought on beauty and morality to Greek
architecture.

V. The Architecture of Ancient Rome
   A. Discuss the historical background of Rome and the diffusion of Greek
culture.
   B. Identify the beginnings of the Etruscan architecture.
   C. Temple architecture and its relationship to human affairs in Rome.
      1. Discuss concrete construction and veneering.
      2. Identify and analyze the important examples of temple
architecture.
      3. Discuss the circular temple and its symbolism.
   D. Discuss the writings of Vitruvius.
   E. Commemorative architecture of political leadership.
      1. Describe the forum and identify important examples.
      2. Compare and contrast the triumphal arches of Titus, Septimus
Severus and Constantine.
   F. Roman engineering and architectural design.
      1. Discuss the construction and technology used in building the
aqueducts.
      2. Identify important examples of aqueducts in the Roman Empire.
      3. Discuss the Pantheon and analyze its form and space.
   G. Define “spatial envelope.”
   H. City life and urban amenities.
      1. Discuss the recreational life of the Romans and its translation
into architecture.
      2. Describe the Roman Coliseum and identify its elements.
      3. Describe the amphitheater and compare it to the Greek theater.
      4. Explain the Roman circus and identify its elements.
      5. Describe the basilica and its function.
      6. Describe the layout of the Roman Baths and explain the
progression of rooms and their individual purposes.
   I. Roman housing.
      1. Discuss how housing was a reflection of social conditions.
      2. Describe the insula.
      3. Describe the domus and identify its elements.
   J. The cities at military outposts.
      1. Discuss the organization of the castrum.
      2. Describe the city gate and its symbolism.
      3. Describe events in Pompeii and Herculaneum that helped to
document Roman life and architecture.
   K. Discuss the contributions of the classical world to architecture.

VI. Introduction to the Middle Ages
   A. Discuss the Christian era in the Middle Ages and the development of
European Medieval culture.
   B. List the factors contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire and
how it relates to architecture.
   C. Explain how the persecution of the Christians led to the building of
the catacombs.
   D. Explain how the rise of Christianity influenced architecture.

VII. Early Christian Architecture
   A. The centrally planned church.
      1. Describe how the origins of the centrally planned church are
related to the ancient mausoleum and tholos.
      2. Discuss the influence of Roman art and architecture on the
church.
      3. Identify and analyze important early churches.
   B. The basilica plan.
      1. Discuss the adaptation of the Roman basilica by Christians.
      2. Describe the significance of didactic art in church
architecture.
      3. Discuss the history of old St. Peter’s basilica and describe
its architecture. 
   C. Aesthetic character of early Christian architecture.
      1. Discuss the relevance of the church as state architecture.
      2. Discuss the artistic symbolism and tradition of adornment in
Early Christian architecture.
      3. Explain how monumentality was expressed in architectural form.

VIII.	Byzantine Architecture
   A. Discuss the social and political conditions in Western Europe during
the fifth and sixth centuries.
   B. Discuss the importance of the city of Ravenna to architecture.
      1. Identify significant architecture of Ravenna.
      2. Discuss the programming of didactic art in an architectural
context.
   C. Form-space relationships in Byzantine architecture.
      1. Discuss the Byzantine domes and their symbolism.
      2. Explain single and multiple focus domical architecture.
      3. Discuss the interrelationship between architectural space and the
structural system.
      4. Compare and contrast the design of San Vitale with that of San
Marco.
   D. Santa Sophia.
      1. Discuss the history of Constantinople.
      2. Analyze the original Santa Sophia and discuss historical
changes.
      3. Explain the development of the pendentive.
      4. Discuss the composition of architectural space in Santa Sophia.
      5. Describe the role of mysticism and light in the architecture of
Santa Sophia.

IX. Islamic Architecture
   A. The spread of Islam.
      1. Discuss the dissemination of Islam after the death of Mohammed.
      2. Analyze the change of concept in architecture as the Arabs went
from nomads to conquerors.
      3. Identify the elements that made the new architecture of the
conquering Muslims identifiable as Islamic.
      4. Discuss the shared roots of Islamic and Byzantine architecture.
      5. Compare and contrast Islamic and Byzantine architecture.
   B. Moorish architecture in Spain and North Africa.
      1. Discuss the Muslim history of occupation in Spain and North
Africa.
      2. Identify important examples of the mosque and describe common
elements.
      3. Discuss the ornamental elements of Islamic architecture.
      4. Discuss the importance of geometry in Islamic design and
ornament.
      5. Discuss and analyze the Alhambra.
   C. Review the history and design of Hagia Sophia (Santa Sophia).

X. Romanesque Architecture
   A. Western Europe before the Romanesque period.
      1. Describe life during the Dark Ages.
      2. Describe the role of the church in European culture.
   B. The development of architecture for pilgrimages.
      1. Explain how and why pilgrimages became a normal occurrence.
      2. Describe the circulation and development of a floor plan for
pilgrimage churches.
      3. Explain the beginnings of advanced structural system – barrel
and ribbed barrel vaults.
      4. Identify important pilgrimage churches.
   C. Pisa – Cathedral, Campanile, Baptistry.
      1. Describe the surface articulation of building form in relation to
the structures at Pisa.
      2. Explain the architectural composition and the harmony of design
for the buildings at Pisa.
   D. Norman architecture.
      1. Discuss the relationship between Romanesque architecture and the
development of Norman architecture.
      2. Discuss the innovations in vaulting and buttressing developed
during this period.
      3. Explain quadripartite and sexpartite systems.
      4. Identify important examples of Norman architecture.

XI. Gothic Architecture
   A. Discuss the transition from Romanesque to Gothic architecture.
   B. Discuss the historical setting in the 12th and 13th centuries and
the development of towns.
   C. Discuss the influence of Gothic ideology on architecture.
   D. Discuss the rise of universities and the development of
scholasticism.
   E. Early Gothic architecture in France.
      1. Discuss the economics of cathedral building.
      2. Discuss the role of the architect in cathedral building.
      3. Identify and analyze the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as well as
Chartres Cathedral.
      4. Discuss the continued development of vaulting in the Gothic era.
   F. High Gothic style.
      1. Discuss the development of the High Gothic style and its
dissemination throughout Europe.
      2. List and define the principles of design and the aesthetic
elements of Gothic architecture.
      3. Identify the important elements in High Gothic cathedral design
and construction.
      4. Discuss the role of the master mason.
   G. Gothic architecture in England.
      1. Describe the French influence on English cathedrals.
      2. Differentiate between the Lancet style and the Decorated style.
      3. Discuss the geometric and curvilinear divisions in English Gothic
architecture.
      4. Identify and analyze important English Gothic cathedrals.
   H. Identify the important characteristics of Gothic architecture in
Italy and Germany.
   I. Late Gothic architecture.
      1. Describe the characteristics of Flamboyant Gothic architecture.
      2. Discuss the English Perpendicular style.
      3. Discuss the culmination of Gothic vaulting and define the
associated terms.

XII. Medieval Secular and Domestic Architecture
   A. Medieval urbanization.
      1. Describe the influence of the Romans on medieval towns.
      2. Discuss the reasons for the walled city and describe urban
conditions.
      3. Discuss the medieval theater and its role in society.
   B. Castles and fortifications.
      1. Discuss the societal aspects of the castle.
      2. Describe architecture for defense and list the associated
elements.
      3. Identify important examples of castles and fortification
architecture.
   C. Discuss special-purpose public buildings of the Middle Ages.
   D. Discuss the stylistic change from fortified to domestic architecture
with regards to palaces and town houses.
   E. Describe medieval domestic housing and its construction.
   F. Provide a transition from Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

Methods of Evaluation of Competencies:

Evaluation of student mastery of course competencies will be accomplished using the following methods:

Attendance/class participation        10%-15% of grade
Quizzes and examinations              40%-60% of grade
Written research papers and projects  25%-40% of grade

Grading Scale:

 100% - 90% = A
  89% - 80% = B
  79% - 70% = C
  69% - 60% = D
  59% - 50% = F

Caveats: NONE

Disabilities:

If you are a student with a disability, and if you will be requesting accommodations, it is your responsibility to contact Access Services. Access Services will recommend any appropriate accommodations to your professor and his/her director. The professor and director will identify for you which accommodations will be arranged.

JCCC provides a range of services to allow persons with disabilities to participate in educational programs and activities. If you desire support services, contact the office of Access Services for Students With Disabilities (913) 469-8500, ext. 3521 or TDD (913) 469-3885. The Access Services office is located in the Success Center on the second floor of the Student Center.